Wednesday, April 23, 2008

K-12 Educational System Bashing: Another Myth?

We have a newish, pro-guest worker, High School drop-out claim, but I'm not seeing references to source material in news articles. The NCES shows a High School completion rate of 87.6%

This blog entry takes a horse-sense approach to looking at the success/failure rate of those who make it through our K-12 educational system.

Funny thing about dropping out of school, it doesn't necessarily mean that education cannot resume at a later date. On the other hand, High School might be a humiliating, even intolerable experience for some people.


An eighth-grade honor student was strip-searched by school officials for the suspicion of having Ibuprofen, a common over-the-counter drug for pain . No Ibuprofen was
found on her, by the way. On the other hand, behavior modifying drugs such as Ritalin can be forced on students over the objection of parents.

Quoted from a must read article:
The Taxpayer Frog In the IRS Pot, April 21, 2008

Perhaps we are experiencing policy problems, rather than education process problems? A combination of both?

Back to this blog, how are our schools doing with the young adults who stay in school? If we think of the educational system as a pipeline, we can take samples to make comparisons on the most recent data.

Oct. 2005 Census data:
Enrolled in high school = 14,060,000
...15 years old = 4,014,000
...16 and 17 years old = 8,272,000
...18 and 19 years old = 1,372,000
...20 years old and over = 402,000

Enrolled in college = 17,472,000
...15 to 17 years old = 181,000
...18 and 19 years old = 3,727,000
...20 and 21 years old = 3,945,000
...22 to 24 years old = 3,162,000
...25 to 29 years old = 2,291,000
...30 to 34 years old = 1,309,000
...35 years and over = 2,857,000

The number of persons under 25 years old and "Enrolled in college" was 11,015,000. The
Open Doors 2006, "Report on International Educational Exchange" tells us that there were
564,766 International students enrolled in U.S. colleges so that brings the number of Citizen and permanent residents enrolled in college to 10,450,234 .

10,450,234 (under 25) enrolled in college is 74.33% of 14,060,000 enrolled in High School. Moreover, if the population of young persons is growing, the older group of those enrolled in college comes from a smaller sample than the group of 2005 H.S. students.

Let's look at the college degree data from the NCES 2004 - 2005 school year, with degrees awarded to nonresident aliens subtracted.

Associate’s degrees = 682,670
Bachelor’s degrees = 1,393,903
Master's degrees = 501,395
Doctor’s degrees = 38,289
Total = 2,616,257

Since the age group 18 to 24 covers six years and it takes six years to earn a Master's degree, the number of Associate through Masters degrees awarded would be 15,467,808 over a six year period. This indicates a very good graduation rate, considering the enrollment from all age groups was 17,472,000 (88.53%).

These figures are not conclusive, just horse-sense reckoning, my interest is to display that a high percentage of High School students are continuing on to college and succeeding in earning a degree. Moreover, some people are bashing the K-12 educational system, just because they've read regurgitated Trade Association press releases in the main stream media.

Update:
Here is a table that shows the High School graduation rate at 89.8% and college enrollment at 72.3% for U.S. public schools in 2002-03. Private High Schools, 98.2% and 92.8 respectively.
http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d07/tables/dt07_193.asp

Population 3 years and over enrolled in school.
2000 = 72,556,563
2001 = 73,187,876
2002= 74,649,109
2003= 75,128,957
2004= 75,475,565
<Census data>

Year to Year increase in enrollment 3 yrs and older.

2001 = 631,313
2002 = 1,461,233
2003 = 479,848
2004 = 346,608

Observation: So do I have to say YIKES here? The enrollment rate for 2002 was well over one million higher than 2004? I guess figuring out if this spike was related to immigration is for another blog entry.

Here's an interesting 2000 Census Map of United States High School drop out rates. It sure looks like the open-border policy has something to do with the drop out rates.
http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ThematicMapFramesetServlet?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-tm_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_M00161&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-_MapEvent=displayBy&-_dBy=040#?127,271


Source Data:

U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, October 2005.
Internet Release date: December 19, 2006 http://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/school/cps2005/tab11-01.xls

Open Doors 2006
Report on International Educational Exchange
INTERNATIONAL STUDENT AND TOTAL U.S. ENROLLMENT http://opendoors.iienetwork.org/?p=89192

NCES
Table 7. Awards conferred by Title IV institutions, by race/ethnicity, level of award, and gender: United States, academic year 2004-05
http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2007/2007167.pdf

Thursday, April 17, 2008

Aggregate: Bachelor's Degrees vs Employment Growth

Highly-skilled labor shortage? These aggregate NCES and BLS figures don't support a shortage in skilled personnel.
Click on image to enlarge

Prior to 2000, American degree production for citizens/permanent residents and employment growth for college grads were relative. The delta between college degrees and graduate employment was a shortfall 2,061,405 jobs in 2006.

The Unemployment level of College Graduates went from a low of 559,000 in 2001, to an all time high of 1,221,000 in 2004.

(NCES) Temporary Resident Degrees Awarded 2005
Master's = 73,223
Post Masters Certificates = 1,082
Doctor's = 14,342
Professional Degrees = 2,037
Professional Certificates = 260
Total = 90,944

The Employent-based (EB) green card program's quota is 120,120 -- and all visa are recaptured. Assuming all of the foreign postgraduates were interested in immigrating, the EB could handle all of the postgraduates at 75.5% of the quota.

As per the NSF only 74% of foreign S&E Doctoral degree holders are interested in American citizenship.


Source:

NCES Graduation Data: Table 274. http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d07/tables/xls/tabn274.xls

BLS Employment Data: http://data.bls.gov/PDQ/outside.jsp?survey=ln

Table 7. Awards conferred by Title IV institutions, by race/ethnicity, level of award, and gender: United States, academic year 2004-05 http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2007/2007167.pdf









Thursday, April 3, 2008

U.S. High Tech employment since 2001

Note:
This blog uses press releases from the AeA Cyberstates report(s). The AeA redefined its definition of "High Tech" in 2003. Defining the High-Tech Industry: AeA's New NAICS-based industry definition. Cyberstates reports prior to 2003 were based upon the SIC occupational classifications and are not relevant to current AeA Cyberstates reports.

Overview:
I've been interested in presenting a visual representation of what happened to tech workers in the 2001 recession -- here's the latest.

According to the AeA Cyberstates yearly reports, "High Tech" employment experienced job losses of 945,000 in the 2001 recession. Since this drop in employment, the "High Tech" sector has recovered about 300,000 jobs, but during the period in question, a probable 669,681 H-1B and L-1 computer-related workers were added to the workforce. (Detailed below)

H-1B and L-1 workers are not admitted into the U.S. without guaranteed employment, so an additional 369,681 American "High Tech" workers were replaced with temporary workers, bringing the job losses to 1.3 million. In addition, "High Tech" is a very young industry, the rate of retirement should be nominal in relationship to the number of new college graduates, bringing the job deficit to 1.5 million.

Factoid: The Unemployment Level for college graduates in Feb 2001 was (1.6%) 581,000, the current unemployment level is (2.1%) 944,000 for college graduates. (Feb2008)

Click on image to enlarge




About the graph:
The graph shows employment losses in the "High Tech" occupations, new workers are "added" to the job losses to show the excess supply of labor in these occupations.

AeA Cyberstates High Tech job losses:
The AeA Cyberstates "High Tech" report, states: "Tech employment declined by 333,000 in 2003 and by 612,000 in 2002." The data here is taken from various Cyberstates press releases.
The full report can be purchased yearly at http://www.aeanet.org/. Cost: $95 AeA members; $190 non-members.

Computer-related H-1B visas (added):
The H-1B data is for initial approvals in computer related occupations only. Continuing employment approvals are not included because they sometimes exceed the 3 year period they reference. My assumption is that these additional approvals are for those awaiting a priority date in a green card program.

The H-1B data (2001-2005) is from the various USCIS reports: "Characteristics of Specialty Occupation Workers (H-1B)…"

Detailed H-1B data for 2006 is unavailable, 2007 data was obtained from the NSF report:
National Science Foundation: "Science and Engineering Indicators 2008""Chapter 2. Section: Higher Education in Science and Engineering"
http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind08/c2/c2s4.htmL-1L-1

Intracompany visas (added):
The L-1 Intracompany visa data was obtained from travel.state.gov and is preliminary.
http://travel.state.gov/pdf/FY06AnnualReportTableXVIA.pdf

Data for 2007 is unavailable. The L-1 data is 90% of the total visas to conform with the following:
"From 1999 to 2004, nine of the ten firms that petitioned for the most L-1 workers were computer and IT related outsourcing service firms that specialize in labor from India." http://www.dhs.gov/xoig/assets/katovrsght/OIG_06-22_Jan06.pdf
Perm Resident BSCompSci. Degrees (added):
The educational data is from the National Science foundation. Degrees awarded to temporary residents were subtracted from the total Bachelors in Computer Science to obtain the number of degrees awarded to permanent residents/citizens.
http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/nsf07307/content.cfm?pub_id=3634&id=2